Anatomy and Physiology: Grades 9-12

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Review how the study of living materials requires understanding of chemistry.II.A

Explain the concept of pH, and its effect on body functionsII.B

Describe how and where enzymes work in the bodyII.C

Explain the importance of water and salts to body homeostasisII.D

Compare the structures and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acidsII.E

Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNAII.F

Identify or diagram the cell organelles and be able to explain their functionIII.A

Compare osmosis, diffusion, filtration and give examplesIII.B

Describe different cell types and explain the functionality of the differencesIII.C

Describe the cell cycle, including the phases of mitosis and explain how the timing of cell division is regulated.III.D

Identify the use of stem cells in modern medical procedures and researchIII.E

Name classes of human tissues and explain their structure, function, and locationIII.F

Describe ways the body repairs damaged tissueIII.G

Identify the various forms of cancer and describe how it affects the bodyIII.H

Identify structure and function of the skin and accessory structuresIV.A

Describe the normal and pathological colors and conditions of the skinIV.B

Identify and differentiate between the different types of skin cancerIV.C

Describe the three classes of burns, the rule of 9s and treatment of each classIV.D

Understand the role of the integumentary system in maintaining homeostasisIV.E

Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeletonV.A

Identify functions of the skeletal systemV.B

Identify, locate, and label bones and bone markings of the body.V.C

Describe bone development through the lifespanV.D

Identify, locate, and label the joints of the bodyV.E

Identify location and function of tendons and ligamentsV.F

Name different types of fracturesV.G

Identify causes and current medical treatments of skeletal disordersV.H

Distinguish between the three types of muscle tissue and tell where they are in the bodyVI.A

Identify major muscle groups of face, neck, shoulder, chest, abdomen, back, arms, and legs.VI.B

Describe the function of the muscular systemVI.C

Compare the structure of the whole muscle and the structure of a single muscle fiber.VI.D

Explain how skeletal muscle meets its energy demands during rest and exerciseVI.E

State the criteria for naming musclesVI.F

Describe action of each muscle group related to origin and insertion.VI.G

List the general functions of the nervous systemVII.A

Explain the structural and functional divisions of the nervous systemVII.B

List the types of supporting cells and cite their functionsVII.C

Identify and label parts of neurons and relate each to a physiological roleVII.D

Classify sensory receptors according to body location, structure, and stimulus detectedVII.E

Describe the events that led up to, happen during, and result after a nerve impulse and its conduction from one neuron to anotherVII.F

Identify and indicate the functions of the major regions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalons, brain stem, and cerebellum on a human brain model or diagramVII.G

Identify the three meningeal layers, and state their functionsVII.H

Understand the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-brain barrierVII.I

Describe spinal cord structure and list its functionsVII.J

List the components of the peripheral nervous systemVII.K

Distinguish between sensory, motor, and mixed nervesVII.L

Name and locate the cranial nerves and describe their functionVII.M

Identify the major nerve plexuses, give the major nerves of each, and describe their distributionVII.N

Distinguish between autonomic and somatic reflexesVII.O

Compare and contrast the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systemsVII.P

Understand from an anatomical and physiological perspective, the functions of sight, hearing & balance, taste, and smellVII.Q

Identify diseases and disorders of the special sense systemsVII.R

Compare between hormonal and neural controls of body functioningVIII.A

List the major endocrine organs, and describe their locations in the body and the hormones they secreteVIII.B

Describe what a hormone is and how it functionsVIII.C

Understand the negative feedback mechanismVIII.D

Describe major pathological consequences of hypersecretion and hypo-secretion of hormonesVIII.E

Identify the endocrine role of the kidneys, the stomach and intestine, the heart, and the placentaVIII.F

Describe the effect of aging on the endocrine system and homeostasisVIII.E

Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood and explain why it is classified as a connective tissueIX.A

List the functions of bloodIX.B

Discuss the composition and functions of plasmaIX.C

Describe the blood-clotting processIX.D

Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups and explain the basis of transfusion reactionsIX.E

Explain the importance of blood testing as a diagnostic toolIX.F

Name some blood disorders that become more common with ageIX.G

Describe the location of the heart in the body, and identify its major anatomical structuresX.A

Describe the structure and functions of the heart chambers. Name each chamber and provide the name and general route of blood flowX.B

Trace the electrical activity of the heart (EKG)X.C

Compare and contrast the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillariesX.D

Define vasoconstriction and vasodilationX.E

Trace blood flow through the heart.X.F

Identify the body’s major arteries and veins, and name the body region supplied by eachX.H

Discuss the unique features of special circulations of the body: arterial to the brain, hepatic portal, pulmonary, and fetalX.I

List and explain the factors that influence blood pressure and describe how blood pressure is regulatedX.J

Describe the structure and function of a capillary bedX.K

Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram tracing: name the individual waves and intervals, and indicate what each representsX.L

Identify the structures of the lymphatic system and explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systemsXI.A

Describe the composition of lymph and explain its formation and transportXI.B

Describe the general location, histological structure, and functions of lymph nodesXI.C

Name and describe the other lymphoid organs of the body. Compare and contrast them with lymph nodes structurally and functionallyXI.D

#VALUE!XI.E

Explain the difference between an antigen and an antibody.XI.F

Explain how fever helps protect the body against invading pathogensXI.G

Describe immune-deficiencies, allergies, and autoimmune diseasesXI.H

Identify locate and label the structures of the respiratory system.XII.A

Trace the air from nostrils to alveoliXII.B

Describe the process of inspiration and expirationXII.C

Identify lung volumes and capacitiesXII.D

Discuss voluntary and involuntary control of breathingXII.E

Describe common lung diseases and disordersXII.F

Explain the functional importance of the intra-pleural spaceXII.G

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the bloodXII.H

Name several physical factors that influence respiratory rateXII.I

Describe the function of the digestive systemXIII.A

List and briefly describe the major processes occurring during digestionXIII.B

Identify, locate and label the structures of the digestive systemXIII.C

Differentiate between the organs of the alimentary canal and accessory organsXIII.D

List the major functions of the large intestineXIII.E

List the major enzymes produced by the digestive system and how they functionXIII.F

List the major nutrient categories their dietary sources and the main cellular usesXIII.G

Explain metabolismXIII.H

Analyze and explain the chemical reactions that provide energy for the bodyXIII.I

Explain the importance of electrolytes balance and its role in homeostasisXIII.J

Identify common diseases and disorders of the digestive system.XIII.K

Describe the general structure and function of the urinary system including kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethraXIV.A

Identify the parts of the nephron responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretionXIV.B

Describe the physical and chemical properties of urineXIV.C

Describe diseases and disorders of the urinary system.XIV.D

Define micturitionXIV.E

Describe the common structure and function of the male and female reproductive systemsXV.A

Define spermatogenesis and trace the pathway of sperm cells from their site of formation to the body exteriorXV.B

Discuss effects of testosterone on male reproductive systemXV.C

Describe the phases of the ovarian cycle and relate them to events of oogenesisXV.D

Describe effects of hormones on the female reproductive organsXV.E

Discuss disorders and diseases of the male and female reproductive systems.XV.F

Describe the process of fertilization and the changes of the female body during pregnancyXV.G

Explain how labor is initiated and describe the three stages of laborXV.H

Discuss risk factors that interfere with normal fetal developmentXV.I

Distinguish among the types of inheritance and explain techniques to predict genetic diseaseXV.J