Grades 9, 10, 11, 12

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Opportunities for civic engagement within the structures of government are made possible through political and public policy processes.9-12.AG.1

Political parties, interest groups and the media provide opportunities for civic involvement through various means.9-12.AG.2

Issues can be analyzed through the critical use of credible sources.9-12.AG.3

The processes of persuasion, compromise, consensus building and negotiation contribute to the democratic process.9-12.AG.4

As the supreme law of the land, the U.S. Constitution incorporates basic principles that help define the government of the United States as a federal republic including its structure, powers and relationship with the governed.9-12.AG.5

The Federalist Papers and the Anti-Federalist Papers framed the national debate over the basic principles of government encompassed by the Constitution of the United States.9-12.AG.6

Constitutional government in the United States has changed over time as a result of amendments to the U.S. Constitution, Supreme Court decisions, legislation and informal practices.9-12.AG.7

The Bill of Rights was drafted in response to the national debate over the ratification of the Constitution of the United States.9-12.AG.8

The constitutional amendments known collectively as the Reconstruction Amendments extended new constitutional protections to African Americans, though the struggle to fully achieve equality would continue.9-12.AG.9

Constitutional amendments have provided for civil rights such as suffrage for disenfranchised groups.9-12.AG.10

Constitutional amendments have altered provisions for the structure and functions of the federal government.9-12.AG.11

Law and public policy are created and implemented by three branches of government; each functions with its own set of powers and responsibilities.9-12.AG.12

The political process creates a dynamic interaction among the three branches of government in addressing current issues.9-12.AG.13

In the United States, people have rights that protect them from undue governmental interference. Rights carry responsibilities that help define how people use their rights and that require respect for the rights of others.9-12.AG.14

Historically, the United States has struggled with majority rule and the extension of minority rights. As a result of this struggle, the government has increasingly extended civil rights to marginalized groups and broadened opportunities for participation.9-12.AG.15

As a framework for the state, the Ohio Constitution has similarities and differences to the federal Constitution; it was changed in 1851 to address difficulties governing the state.9-12.AG.16

Individuals in Ohio have a responsibility to assist state and local governments as they address relevant and often controversial problems that directly affect their communities.9-12.AG.17

A variety of entities within the three branches of government, at all levels, address public policy issues that arise in domestic and international affairs.9-12.AG.18

Individuals and organizations play a role within federal, state and local governments in helping to determine public (domestic and foreign) policy.9-12.AG.19

The federal government uses spending and tax policy to maintain economic stability and foster economic growth. Regulatory actions carry economic costs and benefits.9-12.AG.20

The Federal Reserve System uses monetary tools to regulate the nation's money supply and moderate the effects of expansion and contraction in the economy.9-12.AG.21

The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an examination of the credibility of each source.9-12.MWH.1

Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.9-12.MWH.2

Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical events, including multiple causation and long-and short-term causal relations.9-12.MWH.3

The Scientific Revolution impacted religious, political, and cultural institutions by challenging how people viewed the world.9-12.MWH.4

Enlightenment ideas regarding human nature and society challenged religious authority, absolute rule and mercantilism.9-12.MWH.5

Enlightenment ideas on the relationship of the individual and the government influenced the American and French Revolutions.9-12.MWH.6

The American and French Revolutions influenced Latin American revolutions for independence.9-12.MWH.7

Industrialization had social, political and economic effects on Western Europe and the world.9-12.MWH.8

Imperial expansion had political, economic and social roots.9-12.MWH.9

Imperialism involved land acquisition, extraction of raw materials, spread of Western values and direct political control.9-12.MWH.10

The consequences of imperialism were viewed differently by the colonizers and the colonized.9-12.MWH.11

Advances in technology, communication and transportation improved lives, but also had negative consequences.9-12.MWH.12

The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.9-12.MWH.13

The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.9-12.MWH.14

Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World War I and the Holocaust during World War II.9-12.MWH.15

World War II devastated most of Europe and Asia, led to the occupation of Eastern Europe and Japan, and began the atomic age.9-12.MWH.16

The United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers and competed for global influence.9-12.MWH.17

Treaties and agreements at the end of World War II changed national boundaries and created multinational organizations.9-12.MWH.18

Religious diversity, the end of colonial rule and rising nationalism have led to regional conflicts in the Middle East.9-12.MWH.19

Postwar global politics led to the rise of nationalist movements in Africa and Southeast Asia.9-12.MWH.20

Political and social struggles have resulted in expanded rights and freedoms for women and indigenous peoples.9-12.MWH.21

The break-up of the Soviet Union ended the Cold War and created challenges for its former allies, the former Soviet republics, Europe, the United States and the non-aligned world.9-12.MWH.22

Regional and ethnic conflicts in the post-Cold War era have resulted in acts of terrorism, genocide and ethnic cleansing.9-12.MWH.23

Political and cultural groups have struggled to achieve self-governance and self-determination.9-12.MWH.24

Emerging economic powers and improvements in technology have created a more interdependent global economy.9-12.MWH.25

Proliferation of nuclear weapons has created a challenge to world peace.9-12.MWH.26

The rapid increase of global population, coupled with an increase in life expectancy and mass migrations have created societal and governmental challenges.9-12.MWH.27

Environmental concerns, impacted by population growth and heightened by international competition for the world's energy supplies, have resulted in a new environmental consciousness and a movement for the sustainability of the world's resources.9-12.MWH.28

Economists analyze multiple sources of data to predict trends, make inferences and arrive at conclusions.9-12.EFL.1

Reading financial reports (bank statements, stock market reports, mutual fund statements) enables individuals to make and analyze decisions about personal finances.9-12.EFL.2

People cannot have all the goods and services they want and, as a result, must choose some things and give up others.9-12.EFL.3

Different economic systems (traditional, market, command, and mixed) utilize different methods to allocate limited resources.9-12.EFL.4

Markets exist when consumers and producers interact. When supply or demand changes, market prices adjust. Those adjustments send signals and provide incentives to consumers and producers to change their own decisions.9-12.EFL.5

Competition among sellers lowers costs and prices, and encourages producers to produce more of what consumers are willing and able to buy. Competition among buyers increases prices and allocates goods and services to those people who are willing and able to pay the most for them.9-12.EFL.6

A nation's overall level of economic well-being is determined by the interaction of spending and production decisions made by all households, firms, government agencies and others in the economy. Economic well-being can be assessed by analyzing economic indicators gathered by the government.9-12.EFL.7

Economic policy decisions made by governments result in both intended and unintended consequences.9-12.EFL.8

When regions and nations use comparative advantage to produce at the lowest cost and then trade with others, production, consumption and interdependence increase.9-12.EFL.9

Government actions, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, trade agreements and membership in multinational economic organizations, significantly impact international trade.9-12.EFL.10

Income is determined by many factors including individual skills and abilities, work ethic and market conditions.9-12.EFL.11

Employee earning statements include information about gross wages, benefits, taxes and other deductions.9-12.EFL.12

Financial decision-making involves considering alternatives by examining costs and benefits.9-12.EFL.13

A personal financial plan includes financial goals and a budget, including spending on goods and services, savings and investments, insurance and philanthropy.9-12.EFL.14

Different payment methods have advantages and disadvantages.9-12.EFL.15

Saving and investing help to build wealth.9-12.EFL.16

Savings can serve as a buffer against economic hardship.9-12.EFL.17

Different costs and benefits are associated with saving and investing alternatives.9-12.EFL.18

Banks, brokerages and insurance companies provide access to investments such as certificates of deposit, stocks, bonds and mutual funds.9-12.EFL.19

There are costs and benefits associated with various sources of credit available from different types of financial institutions.9-12.EFL.20

Credit and debt can be managed to maintain credit worthiness.9-12.EFL.21

Consumer protection laws provide financial safeguards.9-12.EFL.22

Property and liability insurance protect against risks associated with use of property.9-12.EFL.23

Health, disability and life insurance protect against risks associated with increased expenses and loss of income.9-12.EFL.24

Steps can be taken to safeguard one's personal financial information and reduce the risk of loss.9-12.EFL.25

Trade, alliances, treaties and international organizations contribute to the increasing interconnectedness of nations and peoples in the 21st century.9-12.CWI.1

Advances in communications technology have profound effects on the ability of governments, interest groups, individuals and the media to share information across national and cultural borders.9-12.CWI.2

Individuals can evaluate media messages that are constructed using particular tools, characteristics and conventions for unique purposes. Different communication methods affect how people define and act on issues.9-12.CWI.3

Individuals can assess how effective communicators address diverse audiences.9-12.CWI.4

Individuals can identify, assess and evaluate world events, engage in deliberative civil debate and influence public processes to address global issues.9-12.CWI.5

Effective civic participation involves identifying problems or dilemmas, proposing appropriate solutions, formulating action plans, and assessing the positive and negative results of actions taken.9-12.CWI.6

Individuals can participate through non-governmental organizations to help address humanitarian needs.9-12.CWI.7

Beliefs about civil and human rights vary among social and governmental systems.9-12.CWI.8

Nations and international organizations pursue their own interests on issues related to civil and human rights, resulting in both conflict and cooperation particularly as it relates to injustices against minority groups.9-12.CWI.9

Modern instances of genocide and ethnic cleansing present individual, organizational and national issues related to the responsibilities of participants and non-participants.9-12.CWI.10

Decisions about human activities made by individuals and societies have implications for both current and future generations, including intended and unintended consequences.9-12.CWI.11

Sustainability issues are interpreted and treated differently by people viewing them from various political, economic and cultural perspectives.9-12.CWI.12

International associations and non-governmental organizations offer means of collaboration to address sustainability issues on local, national and international levels.9-12.CWI.13

The development and use of technology influences economic, political, ethical and social issues.9-12.CWI.14

Technologies inevitably involve trade-offs between costs and benefits. Decisions about the use of products and systems can result in intended and unintended consequences.9-12.CWI.15

Nations seek to ensure the security of their geographic territories, political institutions, economic systems and ways of life. Maintaining security has political, social and economic costs.9-12.CWI.16

Economic, political and social differences between global entities can lead to conflict unless mitigated through diplomacy or cooperative efforts.9-12.CWI.17

Individuals and organizations work within, or outside of, established systems of power, authority and governance to influence their own security and the security of others.9-12.CWI.18

The global economy creates advantages and disadvantages for different segments of the world's population.9-12.CWI.19

Trade agreements, multinational organizations, embargoes and protectionism impact markets.9-12.CWI.20

The distribution of wealth and economic power among countries changes over time.9-12.CWI.21

The global economy creates interdependence so that economic circumstances in one country impact events in other countries.9-12.CWI.22

Properties and functions of geographic representations (e.g., maps, globes, graphs, diagrams, Internet-based mapping applications, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and geographic visualizations) affect how they can be used to represent, analyze and interpret geographic patterns and processes.9-12.WG.1

Geographic representations and geospatial technologies are used to investigate, analyze and communicate the results of geographic problem solving.9-12.WG.2

Human modifications of the physical environment in one place often lead to changes in other places (e.g., construction of a dam provides downstream flood control, construction of a city by-pass reduces commercial activity in the city center, implementation of dry farming techniques in a region leads to new transportation links and hubs).9-12.WG.3

Human societies use a variety of strategies to adapt to the opportunities and constraints presented by the physical environment (e.g., farming in flood plains and terraced farming, building hydroelectric plants by waterfalls and constructing hydroelectric dams, using solar panels as heat source and using extra insulation to retain heat).9-12.WG.4

Physical processes influence the formation and distribution of renewable, non-renewable, and flow resources (e.g., tectonic activity plays a role in the formation and location of fossil fuels, erosion plays a role in the formation of sedimentary rocks, rainfall patterns affect regional drainage patterns).9-12.WG.5

There are costs and benefits of using renewable, non-renewable, and flow resources (e.g., availability, sustainability, environmental impact, expense).9-12.WG.6

Human interaction with the environment is affected by cultural characteristics (e.g., plowing with oxen or with tractors, development of water resources for industry or recreation, resource conservation or development).9-12.WG.7

Physical, cultural, economic, and political factors contribute to human migrations (e.g., drought, religious conflicts, job opportunities, immigration laws).9-12.WG.8

Human migrations impact physical and human systems (e.g., stress on food supplies in refugee camps, removal of natural obstacles to movement, harvest productivity and migrant labor, calls for an official language in countries with high immigration, reduction in city tax revenues due to urban emigration).9-12.WG.9

Activities and patterns of trade and communication create interdependence among countries in different regions (e.g., seed corn grown in Iowa and planted in South America, high-definition televisions manufactured in Japan and viewed in the United States, news outlets from many countries available around the world via the Internet, instant access to data affects stock markets in different countries).9-12.WG.10

Criteria are used to organize regions and as the criteria change, the identified regions change (e.g., types of economic activities, ethnic groups, natural vegetation).9-12.WG.11

The characteristics of regions change over time and there are consequences related to those changes (e.g., industrial belt to rust belt, pristine locations to tourist attractions, colony to independent state).9-12.WG.12

There are interconnections within and among physical and human regions (e.g., river systems, transportation linkages, common currency).9-12.WG.13

Regions are used as a basis to analyze global geographic issues (e.g., desertification, political disputes, economic unions).9-12.WG.14

Patterns of settlement change over time in terms of functions, sizes, and spatial patterns (e.g., a canal town becomes an industrial city, a rural area becomes a transportation hub, cities merge into a megalopolis).9-12.WG.15

Urbanization provides opportunities and challenges for physical and human systems in cities and their surrounding regions (e.g., development of suburbs, loss of habitat, central markets, squatter settlements on city outskirts, regional specialization in services or products, creation of ethnic enclaves).9-12.WG.16

Globalization has shaped new cultural, economic, and political ideas and entities (e.g., universal human rights, European Union, terrorist networks).9-12.WG.17

Globalization has cultural, economic, physical and political consequences (e.g., Internet access increases availability of information, outsourcing leads to regional unemployment, development of infrastructure impacts local ecosystems and economies, computer hacking into sensitive data bases leads to insecurity).9-12.WG.18

Global trade and communication systems reduce the effect of time on the distribution of goods, services, and information (e.g., reliance on local foods versus global trade in perishable foods, online brokering versus personal brokers, Internet access versus library access).9-12.WG.19