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Describe the changing culture, society, and economy of colonial America.8.C.1.1.A

Examine how the unofficial British policy of salutary neglect created an environment suited to self- government and representative democracy in the American colonies.8.C.1.1.B

Explain how the British policy of mercantilism sought to increase England’s prosperity through restrictive trade practices, such as the Navigation Acts.8.C.1.1.C

Examine how British colonial ideas and practices of self-government (e.g., town meetings and colonial legislatures) influenced American political thought.8.C.1.1.D

Describe the influence of the First Great Awakening on concepts related to individual equality and self- rule, including its role in promoting an emerging shared American identity.8.C.1.1.E

Examine the goals of the Albany Plan of Union and how it reflected colonial reactions to changing imperial economic policies.8.C.1.1.F

Compare the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy with early attempts to unite the colonies.8.C.1.1.G

Explain Parliament’s rationale for levying new forms of taxation.8.C.1.2.A

Describe how the Proclamation of 1763 and its restriction on migration into American Indian sovereign territories fed discontent among the colonies.8.C.1.2.B

Analyze the primary cause of the American Revolution as it relates to violations of rights as Englishmen, exemplified in the lack of colonial representation in Parliament.8.C.1.3.A

Describe the effect on colonial economics and local self-government created by the series of trade restrictions and imposed taxes, such as the Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Quartering Act.8.C.1.3.B

Explain the strategies utilized by colonists to oppose imperial policies, including the issuance of the Stamp Act Resolves and the use of propaganda, exemplified by the work of the Committees of Correspondence, the Sons of Liberty, and the boycott of British goods.8.C.1.3.C

Describe escalating tensions, exemplified by the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party.8.C.1.3.D

Explain continued attempts by Parliament to exert its authority through the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), prompting the formation of the First Continental Congress and its Declaration of Resolves, stating that colonists possess the same rights as Englishmen.8.C.1.3.E

Explain why the Battles of Lexington and Concord were perceived as major military victories, known as the “shot heard ‘round the world.”8.C.1.3.F

Describe how the congress successfully formed the Continental Army, directed military strategy, established a national currency, and negotiated a foreign alliance with France.8.C.1.4.A

Explain the purpose and outcome of the Olive Branch Petition as the colonists’ final attempt to avoid war by affirming loyalty yet seeking the king’s intervention.8.C.1.4.B

Summarize the decision to appoint a committee to draft a declaration of independence.8.C.1.4.C

Examine the Declaration of Independence, as drafted by Thomas Jefferson, influenced by the Committee of Five, and adopted July 4, 1776.8.C.1.5.A

Describe the intellectual origins of American political thought as proposed by such Enlightenment philosophers as John Locke and his theory on natural rights.8.C.1.5.B

Evaluate the role of Judeo-Christian ideals in supporting colonial demands for independence, as exemplified by the Bible being a frequently cited authority by America's Founders.8.C.1.5.C

Identify the purpose of government as the protection of unalienable individual rights and liberties.8.C.1.5.D

Explain how a social contract exists between citizens and their government, requiring the consent of the governed, as well as the right of citizens to alter their governments when abusive.8.C.1.5.E

Identify specific economic and political grievances against British policies used by the colonists to justify independence.8.C.1.5.F

Explain major arguments supporting the Patriot cause by analyzing the speech, Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death, attributed to Patrick Henry, and Common Sense by Thomas Paine.8.C.2.2.A

Compare political, economic, and family interests which influenced Loyalists views.8.C.2.2.B

Explain how the preservation of homelands, cultures, and trade affected the stance taken by many American Indians.8.C.2.2.C

Describe how the promise of political equality impacted the views of women, by examining the writings of Mercy Otis Warren and Phillis Wheatley.8.C.2.2.D

Examine the views of free and enslaved Blacks toward the revolution, including petitions to colonial governments for a ban on slavery and the British recruitment of enslaved Black men in exchange for freedom.8.C.2.2.E

Compare military strength and available resources, including financial support from private individuals and allied nations, as well as French support negotiated by Benjamin Franklin.8.C.2.3.A

Describe how the Continental Army was comprised of individuals from European, American Indian, and African descent.8.C.2.3.B

Summarize the impact of key military turning points of the Revolutionary War, including the victories at Boston, Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown.8.C.2.3.C

Explain how an effective military force was shaped by the leadership of General George Washington, Thomas Paine's The Crisis, and conditions at the Valley Forge encampment.8.C.2.3.D

Describe the significance of the Treaty of Paris (1783) as it relates to the recognition of the United States as an independent nation and the extension of American authority over western territory ceded by Britain.8.C.2.3.E

Identify strengths of the American government operating under the Articles of Confederation, including a solution to territorial disputes, as resolved by the Northwest Ordinance and the organization necessary to win the war.8.C.3.1.A

Identify the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, including the lack of a common national currency, means for common defense, national judiciary to settle disputes among the states, inability to tax as a means to address the war debt, and the required unanimous vote by states to amend the document.8.C.3.1.B

Describe how severe economic conditions and civil unrest, typified by Shays’ Rebellion, contributed to a call for revision of the Articles of Confederation.8.C.3.1.C

Identify the relationship between the principles established in the Declaration of Independence and the government created by the Constitution of the United States.8.C.3.2.A

Describe the role of leaders at the Constitutional Convention, including its President George Washington, the influence of James Madison, and the contributions of Roger Sherman.8.C.3.2.B

Explain how the key debate regarding state representation in Congress, presented by opposing Virginia and New Jersey Plans, was resolved by the Great Compromise, creating a bicameral legislature.8.C.3.2.C

Explain how the Three-Fifths Compromise and the Fugitive Slave Clause addressed the issue of slavery and congressional representation by permitting each state to maintain, restrict, or abolish slavery and delaying a ban on the slave trade.8.C.3.2.D

Examine the rationale for the creation and functioning of the Electoral College.8.C.3.2.E

Identify major reasons advocating for the adoption of the Constitution as expressed by leading Federalists James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.8.C.3.3.A

Explain criticism posed by Anti Federalists, such as George Mason, regarding concerns over the potential abuse of power by a strong central government and the omission of a national bill of rights.8.C.3.3.B

Compare arguments regarding ratification of the Constitution as published in Federalist Papers #1, #10, #51, and #84 to Anti Federalist publications under the pen names of Cato and Brutus.8.C.3.3.C

Examine the purpose of government, including its responsibilities to citizens, as expressed in the Preamble to the Constitution of the United States.8.C.4.2.A

Explain why the Framers of the Constitution separated governmental powers among three branches (separation of powers), comparing the qualifications, terms of office, and process for removal of members of Congress, the President, and federal judges.8.C.4.2.B

Identify the constitutional powers granted to Congress, the President, and the Supreme Court, using historical and contemporary examples.8.C.4.2.C

Analyze the system of checks and balances, explaining the Framers’ rationale for establishing such a system and describing how each branch of government can limit the power of other branches.8.C.4.2.D

Describe the concept of federalism (shared power) and identify specific types of powers (e.g., express, concurrent, reserved) exercised by the state versus national government, providing contemporary examples.8.C.4.2.E

Explain how the Supremacy Clause establishes the Constitution as the “supreme Law of the Land” including the relationship between federal and state levels of authority.8.C.4.2.F

Explain that Tribal sovereignty is a Tribal Nation’s inherent right to self-determination.8.C.4.3.A

Describe the nation-to-nation relationship between the United States and Tribal governments by explaining that Tribal governments exercise powers to make and enforce their own laws, determine citizenship, and manage their land’s natural resources.8.C.4.3.B

Describe the constitutional role of Congress and the President to produce necessary legislation in order to meet public needs.8.C.4.4.A

Trace the basic steps of the legislative process using contemporary examples.8.C.4.4.B

Explain how the Constitution of the United States can be amended, exemplified by the first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights.8.C.4.5.A

Describe the influence of James Madison and the Virginia Declaration of Rights on the development of the Bill of Rights, including the significance of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom as a forerunner of the First Amendment.8.C.4.5.B

Examine individual rights, liberties, and protections of due process guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.8.C.4.5.C

Explain how the Bill of Rights protects individuals from abuse by the national government and has been applied to the states through the 14th Amendment.8.C.4.5.D

Describe how the Bill of Rights and the American judicial system places an importance on the rule of law, aimed at guaranteeing fair and equal application of the law, as well as the accountability of all citizens.8.C.4.5.E

Explain the importance of an independent judiciary to the interpretation and defense of citizens’ rights and liberties.8.C.4.5.F

Describe the right to vote and service in public offices as the cornerstones of a representative democracy.8.C.4.6.A

Examine other political rights and responsibilities of citizens, such as engaging in informed civil discourse, serving on juries, and participating in political campaigns.8.C.4.6.B

Identify responsibilities of both citizens and residents of the United States, including obedience to the law, respect for the rule of law, registering for military service, and paying taxes.8.C.4.6.C

Describe the purpose of the Cabinet as established by Washington and its role in today’s executive branch.8.C.5.1.A

Analyze the impact of the Whiskey Rebellion and the presidential authority to enforce federal law.8.C.5.1.B

Examine Washington’s attempt to develop a cohesive American Indian policy through treaties, assimilation, and the delineation of Tribal lands.8.C.5.1.C

Explain the impact of Washington’s decision not to seek a third term in office.8.C.5.1.D

Describe Washington’s advice regarding political factions, foreign entanglements, and the necessity of religion and morality for American self-government to succeed, as expressed in his Farewell Address.8.C.5.1.E

Describe western expansionist policy through the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and authorization of the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery Expedition.8.C.6.3.A

Summarize the process of Tribal removals begun with the establishment of Indian Territory.8.C.6.3.B

Explain the intent and consequences of the Embargo Act to defend the nation's industries from British threats.8.C.6.3.C

Summarize the causes of the war, including British trade restrictions and impressment.8.C.7.1.A

Explain how the war fueled a spirit of nationalism, reflected in the lyrics of the national anthem.8.C.7.1.B

Describe how the Era of Good Feelings was marked by a sense of nationalism and patriotism.8.C.7.1.C

Describe how the nation adopted a policy of isolationism from Europe, designed to protect American interests in the Western Hemisphere.8.C.7.2.A

Explain how President Monroe’s policy solidified the nation's identity as a world power that would not tolerate European involvement in its region.8.C.7.2.B

Explain how provisions of the Constitution (Supremacy Clause; Article III) addressed the theory in which states claimed the right to reject federal laws.8.C.8.2.A

Describe President Jackson’s reaction to the crisis, based on his fear of secession and destruction of the Union.8.C.8.2.B

Examine how the Nullification Crisis illustrated the growing tensions between sections of the nation and the public.8.C.8.2.C

federal government’s non-adherence to treaties8.C.8.3.A

advocacy of the Indian Removal Act of 18308.C.8.3.B

disregard for the Supreme Court’s Worcester v. Georgia decision8.C.8.3.C

resistance by Tribes against Indian policy and encroachment onto Tribal lands8.C.8.3.D

series of multiple forced removals of Tribal citizens from their traditional homelands to Indian Territory.8.C.8.3.E

perspectives on removal policies, as expressed by Native leadership such as John Ross, as well as opposition voiced by politicians, such as Congressman Davy Crockett, and Christian missionaries.8.C.8.3.F

Explain how the fur trade provided economic incentive for early exploration of the West and the crucial role played by traders and frontiersmen (e.g., Jedediah Smith, John C. Fremont, Kit Carson) in transcontinental migration (e.g., mapping of vast territory, establishing trade routes and relations with Native peoples).8.C.9.1.A

Define the concept of Manifest Destiny including its belief in the inevitable spread of American institutions (e.g., religion, government, culture) and analyze claims made in such writings as The Great Nation of Futurity by John O’Sullivan.8.C.9.1.B

Explain how the idea of Manifest Destiny influenced migration by identifying push and pull factors impacting the settlement of western territories.8.C.9.1.C

Analyze the impact of the waves of immigration from Northern Europe on settlement patterns.8.C.9.1.D

Examine multiple perspectives regarding the justification for westward migration and territorial expansion.8.C.9.1.E

Analyze Alexis de Tocqueville’s claim regarding the concept of American exceptionalism and identify ways in which America has been an “exception to the rule” (e.g., stability, realizations of liberty and civil equality, prosperity, innovation).8.C.9.1.F

Summarize the series of events and the processes used to annex Texas, as well as acquire the Mexican Cession and the Gadsden Purchase.8.C.9.2.A

Describe the continued political pressure to maintain a balance of free and slave states.8.C.9.2.B

Compare the motivations and experiences of individuals and groups who seized opportunities of the West, including those engaged in the California Gold Rush, the settlement of Oregon, and the Mormon migration.8.C.9.2.C

Describe the consequences of westward expansion, including the impact on American Indian culture, homelands, Tribal sovereignty, and the growing sectional tensions regarding the expansion of slavery in new territories.8.C.9.2.D

Describe major technological improvements and inventions that contributed to industrial growth in the North, resulting in heavily populated manufacturing and transportation centers.8.C.10.1.A

Explain how the invention of the cotton gin impacted Southern plantation economies by increasing the profitability of the crop and leading to the expansion of slavery.8.C.10.1.B

Analyze the connection between cotton production in the South to the economic success of Northern textile industries.8.C.10.1.C

Examine the role of women as the primary workforce in New England textile factories and leaders in the reform of working conditions.8.C.10.1.D

Examine the rise of Nativist reaction to growing immigration, including concerns about assimilation and the effect on jobs and wages.8.C.10.1.E

Assess the impact of the work of notable abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth.8.C.10.3.A

Describe the rise of the Underground Railroad, including the efforts of Harriet Tubman and the impact of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin on the abolitionist movement.8.C.10.3.B

Examine the contributions of Quakers and other religious groups in the movement to abolish slavery.8.C.10.3.C

Trace the emergence of the women’s rights movement from the abolitionist movement.8.C.10.4.A

Describe the role of the movement’s primary leaders (e.g., Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Grimké sisters).8.C.10.4.B

Identify the ideals, democratic principles, and demands expressed in the Declaration of Sentiments.8.C.10.4.C

Describe the use of religious revivals to attract converts to new Protestant denominations.8.C.10.5.A

Explain how the Second Great Awakening sparked a number of reform movements, such as temperance and abolitionism, which addressed society’s problems.8.C.10.5.B

Describe the series of measures proposed by Senator Henry Clay to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union, including a strengthened Fugitive Slave Act, the use of popular sovereignty regarding the institution of slavery in new states.8.C.11.1.A

Explain why the Compromise of 1850 may have succeeded as a temporary solution but proved that compromise could not offer a permanent solution to the issue of slavery.8.C.11.1.B

Explain how popular sovereignty in new territories regarding the institution of slavery led to factional feuds in “Bleeding Kansas.”8.C.11.2.A

Examine why the North was outraged at the possibility that northern territories such as Kansas and Nebraska might adopt slavery, which had been prevented by the Missouri Compromise.8.C.11.2.B

Evaluate the impact of the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, which denied citizenship to African Americans and ruled enslaved persons as property.8.C.11.2.C

Examine the motives for John Brown’s Raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry.8.C.11.2.D

Describe the emergence of the third-party system.8.C.12.1.A

Identify President Lincoln’s stance on slavery and intention of preserving the Union, as stated in his Cooper Union Address.8.C.12.1.B

Explain slavery as the central factor for the secession of southern states by examining passages from state secession declarations.8.C.12.1.C

Describe tensions over the strategic and internally divided border states.8.C.12.1.D

Trace the formation of the Confederate States of America under the leadership of Jefferson Davis.8.C.12.1.E

Describe how the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter ignited armed civil conflict.8.C.12.1.F

Compare natural resources, population, and industrialization.8.C.12.2.A

Describe the significance of military leadership and experience (e.g., Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant).8.C.12.2.B

Examine the contributions of free and enslaved persons, such as the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.8.C.12.2.C

Describe the value of immigrant troops used to fill Union ranks.8.C.12.2.D

Compare the goal of the Union’s Anaconda Plan to blockade and surround Confederate forces to the intent of Sherman’s total war strategy.8.C.12.3.A

Describe how the Southern military strategy focused on holding Confederate territory in hopes the North would eventually abandon the war effort.8.C.12.3.B

Examine the lasting impact of the Civil War, focusing on its devastation of property and the national economy, unrestricted use of weaponry, and the involvement of civilians.8.C.12.3.C

Explain how the Battle of Antietam proved that the Union could withstand the Confederate Army, providing Lincoln the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.8.C.12.4.A

Analyze the Emancipation Proclamation’s role in expanding the goals of the war and its impact on slavery, including the significance of Juneteenth in relation to emancipation.8.C.12.4.B

Describe how the Battle of Gettysburg ended the Confederate attempt to invade the North and analyze Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address which clarified the Union’s motivation for winning the war.8.C.12.4.C

Explain how the Confederate loss of Vicksburg opened the way for the North to seize control of the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederate forces.8.C.12.4.D

Describe Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Courthouse and the conditions of Grant’s surrender terms.8.C.12.4.E

Evaluate Lincoln’s plans for reconciliation, as expressed in his Second Inaugural Address, and the impact of his assassination on Reconstruction.8.C.13.1.A

Compare the plans and policies proposed for Reconstruction (e.g., President Andrew Johnson, the Congressional Republicans) assessing their intended goals and possible outcomes.8.C.13.1.B

Explain the impact of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on the status of formerly enslaved persons, as well as the relationship of the federal government to the states.8.C.13.2.A

Assess the impact of the Civil War Amendments in securing political rights for African Americans, resulting in their election to state and national government positions.8.C.13.2.B

Evaluate the efforts of the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist freed persons with economic, educational, and political opportunities.8.C.13.2.C

Describe how the adoption of Black Codes by many southern state legislatures restricted employment and property rights of Freedmen.8.C.13.2.D

Identify the various motives of carpetbaggers including economic gain, exploitative aims, and genuine concern for the civil and political rights of freed Blacks.8.C.13.3.A

Describe the expansion of the tenant and sharecropper systems which enabled landowners to reestablish a labor force severely restricting economic mobility.8.C.13.3.B

Examine the political and social goals of the Ku Klux Klan, including its intimidation of African American voters.8.C.13.3.C

Describe the migration of African Americans (Exodusters) from the oppressive conditions of the South to opportunities in the north and west.8.C.13.3.D

Describe the impact of the lack of enforcement of the 14th and 15th amendments.8.C.13.4.A

Examine the development of segregated societies in the South.8.C.13.4.B

Explain the effects of the presidential election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 on Reconstruction.8.C.13.4.C

Describe how the Homestead Act of 1862 enabled more individuals to obtain land and partake in economic opportunities following the war.8.C.13.5.A

Analyze the impact of the development of the Transcontinental Railroad on connecting agricultural goods and products to population centers and markets.8.C.13.5.B

Summarize the intent of President Grant’s Peace Policy on the displacement of American Indians from their homelands.8.C.13.5.C

Describe the impact of Grant’s policy of government-run boarding schools and missions directed to assimilate Tribal members.8.C.13.5.D

Describe escalating conflict between American Indians, military forces, and civilians (e.g., Whitman Mission and Sand Creek Massacres).8.C.13.5.E