Modern World History

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Explain different ways in which societies interact across regions (e.g., trade, exploration, colonization) resulting in cultural diffusion (e.g., the Silk Road, Trans-Saharan exchange).MWH.C.1.1.A

Describe the institution of slavery prior to the 15th century as a widespread result of warfare and economic practices.MWH.C.1.1.B

Compare the origins and spread of the world’s major religions and philosophies, including Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, and Sikhism.MWH.C.1.2.A

Describe ancient Mesopotamia’s Code of Hammurabi as one of the earliest legal codes.MWH.C.1.2.B

Examine the influence of Judeo-Christian ethics and Mosaic law on early American political and legal systems, as well as modern legal systems.MWH.C.1.2.C

Explain ancient Athens’ experience with direct democracy and identify modern political principles which developed in ancient Greece (e.g., the city-state, civic participation through voting, law-making bodies).MWH.C.1.2.D

Evaluate the contributions of the Roman civilization to law and government by describing the Roman Republic’s development of the principle of separation of powers, the concept of civic duty, written laws, and the rule of law.MWH.C.1.2.E

Compare the impact of Greek and Roman philosophers, including Plato, Aristotle and Cicero including their lasting influence on ideas and principles of government.MWH.C.1.2.F

Describe the contributions of the Byzantine Empire, including the influence of Constantine on Christianity and the significance of the Justinian Code.MWH.C.1.2.G

Examine intellectual development and advances (e.g., vernacular literature and expanded literacy, the arts, engineering, human anatomy), focusing on the selected historical figures (e.g., Machiavelli, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, Erasmus).MWH.C.2.2.A

Describe how humanism furthered the values of republicanism, liberty, and individualism.MWH.C.2.2.B

Explain reasons for the growing discontent with the Catholic Church, including the main ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin, and the role of William Tyndale.MWH.C.2.3.A

Trace the spread of Protestantism across Europe, including Lutherans, Reformed (Calvinist), Church of England, Anabaptists, and the effects on European society (e.g., idea and practice of religious tolerance, Calvinist work ethic).MWH.C.2.3.B

Explain the purposes and policies of the Catholic Counter-Reformation.MWH.C.2.3.C

Describe tensions between religious and secular authorities and doctrines, including the English Reformation and the consolidation of royal power.MWH.C.2.3.D

Explain new ways of disseminating information, such as Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press and the translation of the Bible into the vernacular.MWH.C.2.3.E

Explain how the scientific method and new technologies, such as the telescope and microscope, led to new theories of the universe.MWH.C.2.4.A

Describe the accomplishments of major figures of the Scientific Revolution (e.g., Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton) as well as the impact of Islamic and Hindu learning on global scholarship and scientific thought.MWH.C.2.4.B

Explain the economic and religious motivations that prompted European exploratory expeditions into the Western Hemisphere and describe how these expeditions led to the expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in Latin America.MWH.C.2.5.A

Examine how the Doctrine of Discovery was used to legitimize European colonization of lands and Indigenous peoples.MWH.C.2.5.B

Explain how the origins of modern capitalism, mercantilism, and the market economy in Europe impacted international trading patterns, prompting global exploration and rivalry.MWH.C.2.5.C

Describe the major economic and cultural effects of the Columbian Exchange and explain how the enslavement of Indigenous peoples and Africans was used for the development of colonial economies.MWH.C.2.5.D

Explain how overseas expansion led to the development of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.MWH.C.2.5.E

Distinguish between limited and unlimited forms of government by describing the growing consolidation of political power in Europe manifested in the rise of nation-states and monarchies.MWH.C.3.1.A

Describe historic and contemporary examples of theocracies, based on the concept that civil affairs should be determined by religious laws and governed by religious leaders.MWH.C.3.1.B

Examine the Dynastic Cycle (Chinese Mandate of Heaven) by explaining its principle that virtuous rulers are bestowed power from a heavenly mandate, yet subject to rebellion if abusive.MWH.C.3.1.C

Describe the theory of Absolutism which supports the exercise of unlimited power according to an inherited divine right to rule (e.g., Louis XIV).MWH.C.3.1.D

Examine rule by enlightened monarchs and how the ideas of the Enlightenment tempered Absolutism (e.g., Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great).MWH.C.3.1.E

Analyze government's source of authority under a constitutional monarchy by explaining how and why powers are limited by a written or unwritten constitution (e.g., English Parliament).MWH.C.3.1.F

Identify the causes, essential events, and effects of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution.MWH.C.3.2.A

Examine the development of parliamentary sovereignty, constitutional mixed government, and liberty in England, including the importance of the English Bill of Rights and how it limited the power of the monarch.MWH.C.3.2.B

Describe England’s fiscal, commercial, and technological innovations, including the culture of trade, England’s military success in successive wars with France, and the consequent establishment of a British Empire in North America.MWH.C.3.2.C

Explain how the major ideas of enlightened philosophy influenced the concepts of natural rights and consent of the governed.MWH.C.3.3.A

Describe the contributions of major Enlightenment thinkers (e.g., Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau), contrasting the views of Thomas Hobbes regarding the divine right theory.MWH.C.3.3.B

Examine the origins, meanings, and effects of John Locke’s Second Treatise of Government.MWH.C.3.3.C

Examine the impact of Adam Smith’s theories, as presented in The Wealth of Nations, on modern economic thought and free enterprise.MWH.C.3.3.D

Examine the influence of Enlightenment philosophy, economic conditions, the rising influence of the middle class, and the excesses and corruption of the French monarchy on demands for reform.MWH.C.4.1.A

Trace the significant events of the French Revolution (e.g., convening of the Estates General, Tennis Court Oath, storming of the Bastille, execution of Louis XVI, Reign of Terror) and analyze the political concepts presented in Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.MWH.C.4.1.B

Explain the major effects of the French Revolution (e.g., contribution to modern nationalism, political, economic, and cultural debilitation of the Catholic church) and analyze how its support for ideas of popular sovereignty and legal equality served as a model for later revolutions.MWH.C.4.1.C

Explain how the Industrial Revolution began in England due to its natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and access to capital.MWH.C.5.1.A

Evaluate the extent to which the Second Agricultural Revolution and innovations in energy, mechanization, and transportation enabled industrialization.MWH.C.5.1.B

Explain how an entrepreneurial culture led to technological innovations such as the steam engine, railroad, and the application of scientific research to industrial innovation.MWH.C.5.1.C

Describe the social and economic consequences of industrialization, such as population growth, increased life expectancy, rural to urban migration, harsh living conditions for the urban poor, and growth of the middle class.MWH.C.5.1.D

Examine how the abolition of slavery within the British Empire was influenced by Christian humanitarianism and examine the role of various antislavery societies, including the work of William Wilberforce.MWH.C.5.2.A

Explain the rise of trade unionism and the birth of the Labour Party, including the effects of various social and political reforms, such as Liberalism (John Stuart Mill) and modern conservatism (school of Edmund Burke).MWH.C.5.2.B

Examine the concept of economic interventionism (e.g., economic protectionism, child labor laws, legislation for old age pensions, health insurance).MWH.C.5.2.C

Describe the rise of socialism, including the ideas and influence of Robert Owen and Karl Marx, as well as the major ideas of Marx and Engels’ The Communist Manifesto.MWH.C.5.2.D

Describe the European intellectual revolution and the ideal of academic freedom, including leading figures (e.g., Marie Curie, Charles Darwin, Gregor Mendel).MWH.C.5.2.E

Explain the economic, political, and social justifications supporting imperialist ideology and colonialism (e.g., Social Darwinism, economic gain and resources, Christian missions, strategic advantage, and Nationalism).MWH.C.5.3.A

Describe the consequences of imperialism and the growth of national rivalry in Asia, Africa, and the Americas (e.g., territorial conquests and the development of settler colonies, European investments abroad and imperial reshaping of colonial economies, the exploitation of natural resources, changes in life expectancy, inhumane treatment of Indigenous populations, and the spread of Christianity in Africa and Asia).MWH.C.5.3.B

Describe the outcomes of the Berlin Conference on Africa’s Indigenous populations and the impact of superimposed boundaries, establishing spheres of influence.MWH.C.5.3.C

Assess the political, economic, and cultural impact of the British Raj, Britain’s subordination of India, characterized by economic, educational, and infrastructure investments, at the costs of exploitation and self-rule.MWH.C.5.3.D

Describe important political, economic, and cultural aspects of the decay of the Qing dynasty, including growing Western influence and the Boxer Rebellion.MWH.C.5.3.E

Describe the complex and multiple causes of World War I (e.g., German militarism and arms race, nationalism, industrial and colonial competition) and examine Europe’s alliances affected by the declining power of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.MWH.C.6.1.A

Summarize the significant events of World War I and why the conflict was considered a total war (e.g., use of industrial and chemical weapons, prolonged trench warfare, expansion into a global conflict) with a focus on the war’s significant turning points (e.g., Battles of the Marne, Verdun, the Somme).MWH.C.6.1.B

Describe the economic destruction and unprecedented loss of life, including the Armenian genocide.MWH.C.6.2.A

Explain post-war political instability (e.g., collapse of the Russian, Ottoman, and Austrian Empires).MWH.C.6.2.B

Examine the immediate consequences of the Treaty of Versailles, including the “war guilt” clause, the establishment of European mandates and the rise of Zionism, as well as the subsequent rise of regional nationalist movements.MWH.C.6.2.C

Describe the growing political and social unrest under Czar Nicholas II, collapse of the Romanov dynasty, the emergence of the Bolshevik movement, and the Russian Civil War.MWH.C.6.3.A

Summarize the consequences of Soviet communism, including the establishment of a one-party dictatorship under Lenin, government seizure of private property, and the persecution of religious believers.MWH.C.6.3.B

Describe Stalin’s rise to power and establishment of a totalitarian regime resulting in the destruction of civil society (e.g., Great Purge’s oppression of political opposition, the destruction of individual rights, use of mass terror against internal enemies, genocidal starvation of the Ukrainians known as the Holodomor).MWH.C.6.3.C

Describe the various causes and consequences of the global economic collapse and evaluate how governments responded to the Great Depression, including English and French social welfare legislation, the growth of the mixed economy, and the welfare state.MWH.C.6.4.A

Explain how violations of the Treaty of Versailles and failure of the League of Nations, including attempts at disarmament and unrealistic expectations of massive reparations, fueled a second global conflict.MWH.C.6.4.B

Describe the drives for empire in the 1930s by evaluating the economic, social, and political conditions that allowed the rise of fascist militarist regimes in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan.MWH.C.6.4.C

Identify the characteristics of fascism, including how such totalitarian regimes utilized propaganda, repressed dissention, and instigated antisemitism (e.g., Nuremberg Laws in Germany).MWH.C.6.4.D

Describe aggression by the Axis powers (e.g., Italy's invasion of Ethiopia; Germany’s militarization, the Stalin-Hitler Pact of 1939, annexation of Austria, and attack on Poland; Japanese invasion of China, the Nanking Massacre) and the initial responses by the Allied nations.MWH.C.6.5.A

Compare military campaigns in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific (e.g., Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, siege of Leningrad, Operation Torch, Operation Overlord), identifying Allied military leadership, major strategies, and sacrifices made by soldiers, as well as civilians.MWH.C.6.5.B

Trace the roots and long tradition of antisemitism among Christians and 19th century ideas about race and nation.MWH.C.6.6.A

Describe the National Socialist Party’s (Nazi) seizure of unchecked power, its dehumanization of the Jews and the mass genocide of other victims (e.g., physically disabled, the Roma, homosexuals).MWH.C.6.6.B

Examine the effects of the Shoah (Jewish Holocaust) through eyewitnesses such as inmates, survivors, liberators, and perpetrators.MWH.C.6.6.C

Summarize world responses to the Holocaust, including Christian opposition, the Nuremberg Trials, and the move to establish a Jewish homeland.MWH.C.6.6.D

Describe efforts to avoid the abuse of human rights by examining the intent of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the expansion of the Geneva Conventions.MWH.C.6.6.E

Explain the major consequences of World War II, including physical and economic destruction, the loss of life, including millions of civilians, the mass expulsion of ethnic minorities, and the devolution of colonial empires.MWH.C.7.1.A

Compare the ideological, political, and economic distinctions between the United States and Western bloc versus the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the Eastern bloc, leading to the division of Europe, separation by an Iron Curtain, and adoption of a policy of containment.MWH.C.7.1.B

Explain how tensions escalated, fueled by the Berlin Blockade, Suez Canal Crisis, and subsequent uprisings by people in Soviet-dominated satellites (e.g., Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia).MWH.C.7.1.C

Compare military power shifts caused by the war and a proliferation of nuclear armaments, describing the impact of transnational organizations and alliances (e.g., United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact) and explaining the goals of the non-alignment movement.MWH.C.7.1.D

Describe the creation of the modern State of Israel, including the rationale for its establishment, the Zionist movement, and increased migration of European Jews to the British Mandate for Palestine.MWH.C.7.2.A

Explain how the attack by Arab states on Israel in 1948 unfolded and how the United Nations’ partitioning of the Palestine Mandate created refugees and contributed to ongoing growing tensions (e.g., Six Day War, Yom Kippur War).MWH.C.7.2.B

Examine the roots of the ongoing regional instability of the Middle East, including the rise of Islamic fundamentalism, the Iranian Revolution and its establishment of a theocracy, the Iran-Iraq conflict, and the invasion of Kuwait.MWH.C.7.2.C

Describe the fall of the British Raj and the emergence of an independent India and Pakistan, including the influence and ideas of Mohandas Gandhi.MWH.C.7.3.A

Describe the partitioning of India and subsequent international relations (e.g., Indo-Pakistani wars, the Non-Aligned Movement, India’s secular constitution, experiences with socialism, and free-market reforms).MWH.C.7.3.B

Explain how civil conflicts in Korea and French Indochina became proxy wars between superpowers over the spread of communism.MWH.C.7.4.A

Describe significant political and economic change in China, including the influence of Sun Yat-Sen and the 1911 nationalist revolution, and examine the consequences of the Chinese Civil War, which resulted in the establishment of a communist regime and the emergence of a free, prosperous, and democratic Taiwan.MWH.C.7.4.B

Describe the effects of the Chinese Communist Revolution characterized by the repressive economic and social policies of Mao Tse-tung (e.g., Great Leap Forward and mass famine, Cultural Revolution and the terror of the Red Guards).MWH.C.7.4.C

Explain the significance of pro-democracy movements (e.g., student protest at Tiananmen Square) and economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, including China’s economic and technological modernization, its growing involvement in world trade, rise in power status, and rivalry with the United States.MWH.C.7.4.D

Explain the effects of Pan-Africanism on changing political boundaries.MWH.C.7.5.A

Describe the struggle for self-government in Ghana, including the influence of Kwame Nkrumah.MWH.C.7.5.B

Analyze the political, economic, and social context of South Africa’s apartheid system, assessing the role of international pressure and internal resistance in dismantling it, and describing the influence of Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu.MWH.C.7.5.C

Analyze the effect of the collapse of the Soviet Union on global power dynamics, including the emergence of new democracies in Eastern Europe.MWH.C.7.6.A

Examine the goals of Poland’s Solidarity Movement as a broad anti-authoritarian civil resistance which advanced the causes of workers' rights and social change.MWH.C.7.6.B

Explain the effect of the burdens of Soviet military commitments resulted in the collapse of the Soviet Union.MWH.C.7.6.C

Explain how the policies of rapid political and economic restructuring under Mikhail Gorbachev, known as perestroika and glasnost, further contributed to the destabilization of the Soviet system and to the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union.MWH.C.7.6.D

Assess the effect of anticommunist policies of President Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Pope John Paul II, as well as Western diplomacy initiated by individuals, such as Willy Brandt, and resistance movements led by individuals, such as Vaclav Havel and Lech Walesa.MWH.C.7.6.E

Describe European politics since the fall of the Soviet Union, including Eastern Europe’s transitions, the expansion of the European Union and NATO, Brexit, and the re-emergence of Russia as an independent power.MWH.C.7.6.F

Explain and describe the components of Western Europe’s postwar rise to modern prosperity (e.g., American-led free trade system, scientific, technological, and medical advances, welfare states, the economic recovery and development of Germany, and the mass rise in living standards).MWH.C.7.6.G

Describe the establishment of the European Union and the continued strength of national loyalties.MWH.C.7.6.H

Examine the religious, ethnic, and political origins and the lasting effects of ethnic conflict, modern genocide, and atrocities (e.g., Cambodia’s Khmer Rouge, Northern Ireland’s “Troubles”, Rwanda’s civil war, the Balkan’s ethnic cleansing).MWH.C.7.7.A

Identify conditions that have given rise to international terrorism and the risk of weapons of mass destruction, evaluating responses by governments and societies to such threats.MWH.C.7.7.B

Describe the challenges and impact of trade and economic interdependence on modern economies.MWH.C.7.7.C