Psychology Grade 9-12

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Describing the type of methodology and strategies used by researchers in different psychological studies Examples: surveys, naturalistic observations, case studies, longitudinal studies, cross-sectional studies • cx2.A

Contrasting independent, dependent, and confounding variables and control and experimental groups2.B

Identifying systematic procedures necessary for conducting an experiment and improving the validity of results 2.C

Describing the use of statistics in evaluating research, including calculating the mean, median, and mode from a set of data; conducting a simple correlational analysis using either calculators or computer software; and explaining the meaning of statistical significance2.D

Describing how neurons communicate, including the role of neurotransmitters in behavior and the electrochemical process • 3.A

Comparing the effect of drugs and toxins on the brain and neurotransmitters 3.B

Describing how different sections of the brain have specialized yet interdependent functions, including functions of different lobes and hemispheres of the cerebral cortex and consequences of damage to specific sections of the brain • 3.C

Describing different technologies used to study the brain and nervous system 3.D

 Analyzing behavior genetics for its contribution to the understanding of behavior and mental processes, including differentiating between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), chromosomes, and genes; identifying effects of chromosomal abnormalities; and explaining how genetics and environmental factors work together to determine inherited traits3.E

Explaining the role of sensory systems in human behavior, including sight, sound, smell, touch, and pain 4.A

Explaining how what is perceived can be different from what is sensed, including how attention and environmental cues can affect the ability to accurately sense and perceive the world 4.B

Describing the role of Gestalt principles and concepts in perception4.C

Describing physiological processes associated with stress, including hormones associated with stress responses 5.A

Describing Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) 5.B

Describing the flight-or-fight response in terms of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems 5.C

 Contrasting positive and negative ways of coping with stress related to problem-focused coping, aggression, and emotion-focused coping 5.D

Explaining approach-approach, approach-avoidance, and avoidance-avoidance conflicts • Identifying various eating disorders and conditions Examples: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, obesity5.E

Outlining the stage-of-development theories of Jean Piaget, Erik H. Erikson, Sigmund Freud, Carol Gilligan, and Lawrence Kohlberg6.A

• Distinguishing between surface and deep processing in memory development 7.A

• Comparing ways memories are stored in the brain, including episodic and procedural 7.B

• Identifying different parts of the brain that store memory 7.C

• Differentiating among different types of amnesia 7.D

• Describing how information is retrieved from memory 7.E

• Explaining how memories can be reconstructed and misremembered7.F

 • Identifying unconditioned stimuli (UCS), conditioned stimuli (CS), unconditioned responses (UCR), and conditioned responses (CR) 8.A

• Describing the law of effect 8.B

• Describing original experiments conducted by B. F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Rosalie Rayner 8.C

• Differentiating between reinforcement and punishment, positive and negative reinforcement, and various schedules of reinforcement 8.D

• Describing biological limitations on operantly conditioned learning 8.E

• Differentiating between observational learning and modeling 8.F

• Analyzing watching violent media for effects on violent behavior8.G

• Identifying the role of mental images and verbal symbols in the thought process 9.A

• Explaining how concepts are formed 9.B

• Differentiating between algorithms and heuristics 9.C

• Analyzing different types of heuristics to determine effects on problem solving9.D

• Identifying common phonemes and morphemes of language 10.A

• Describing how understanding syntax and grammar affect language comprehension 10.B

• Demonstrating how qualities of sign language are similar to spoken language 10.C

• Describing how infants move from babbling to usage of complete sentences10.D

 • Explaining how hearing loss in infants and children can affect the development of spoken language10.E

Explaining states of sleep throughout an average night's sleep, including nonrapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) 11.A

• Describing the mechanism of the circadian rhythm 11.B

• Evaluating the importance of sleep to good performance 11.C

• Comparing theories regarding the use and meaning of dreams 11.D

• Analyzing the use of psychoactive drugs for effects on people, including the mechanisms of addiction, withdrawal, and tolerance • 11.E

Evaluating the phenomenon of hypnosis and its possible uses11.F

• Identifying theories that explain motivational processes, including cognitive, biological, and psychological reasons for motivational behavior, and Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and arousal theory 12.A

• Describing situational cues that cause emotions, including anger, curiosity, and anxiety 12.B

• Differentiating among theories of emotion 12.C

• Identifying universally recognized emotions12.D

• Describing different types of intelligence tests, including the Flynn effect 13.A

• Describing how intelligence may be influenced by differences in heredity and environment and by biases toward ethnic minority and socioeconomic groups13.B

• Differentiating among personality theories, including psychoanalytic, sociocognitive, trait, and humanistic theories of personality • 14.A

Describing different measures of personality, including the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and projective tests14.B

• Differentiating between normal and abnormal behavior 15.A

• Describing different approaches for explaining mental illness, including biological and medical, cognitive, and sociocultural models 15.B

• Differentiating types of mental illness, including mood, anxiety, somatoform, schizophrenic, dissociative, and personality disorders15.C

• Explaining the fundamental attribution error 16.A

• Critiquing Stanley Milgram's work with obedience and S. E. Asch's work with conformity16.B

Describe various careers pursued by psychologists, including medical and mental health care fields, the business world, education, law and criminal justice, and research. PSY17

• Identifying gender differences and similarities 18.A

• Explaining ways in which gender differences are developed 18.B

• Describing ways in which gender roles are assigned in different cultures18.C